Differential interference contrast‐photothermal microscopy in nanospace: impacts of systematic parameters

Differential interference contrast‐photothermal microscopy (DIC‐PTM), as a promising tool for trace analysis of nonfluorescent compounds, suffered low sensitivity in nanospace especially for aqueous samples, due to the poor thermophysical property of water and the unoptimised configuration. To improve its performance, a five‐layer DIC‐PTM model is built and influences of different parameters on the photothermal signal are investigated. The initial phase shift φ₀ between two branches of the probe beam is found to be a key factor determining the detection sensitivity and response linearity: at a large φ₀ (≤π/2) both a high sensitivity and a good linearity can be achieved, while a high signal‐to‐noise ratio occurs at a small φ₀. The steady‐state photothermal phase shift φ_dc has little impact on the linearity, which, however, is greatly influenced by the range of periodic photothermal phase shift φ_ac. By introducing two coatings into a nanospace to confine the photothermal effect within and around the sample, the sensitivity can be enhanced from a few times to over 100 times. On an optimised DIC‐PTM configuration and chip structure, detection limit down to 10^?3 cm^?1 (or 40 molecules in a detection volume of 0.2 fL) was achieved in a 300‐nm‐thick nanospace. This work paves a way for optimising the DIC‐PTM and chip structure for sensitive detection of analytes in nanospaces.     

导引头稳定平台的扰动补偿及改进滑模控制

为提高导引头稳定平台抗扰性,提出了一种导引头稳定平台的扰动补偿及改进滑模控制策略。首先根据扰动特点将扰动分为摩擦力矩和"剩余扰动"两部分,基于Stribeck摩擦模型辨识摩擦参数,并进行摩擦力矩补偿;采用扩张高增益观测器对"剩余扰动"进行估计,并给出了扩张高增益观测器的收敛条件。然后设计了改进滑模控制器作为稳定回路的控制器实现伺服控制,采用Lyapunov函数证明其稳定性。最后,搭建测试系统分别进行了稳定平台性能测试和导引头性能测试,用于验证跟踪和抗扰效果。实验结果表明,跟踪1(°)/s的梯形波时,提出的控制器有效地补偿了摩擦,同时稳态精度提高了0.032 8(°)/s;给定三轴转台典型幅值和频率扰动下,采用提出的控制器时系统隔离度至少提高了0.57%。表明提出的控制器改善了系统抗扰性。     

龙卷风原理的吸尘装置结构设计及流场仿真分析

为提升垃圾清扫性能,利用龙卷风原理设计吸尘装置并对其结构参数和扩展域进行研究,采用ANSYS FLUENT 16.0、有限体积法与RNG k-ε模型对吸尘装置的流场进行计算,分析探讨各结构参数和扩展域参数对龙卷风的形成及吸尘效果的影响规律,提出了新型的吸尘装置的原理以及设计方案. 研究结果表明:排尘口高度与吸嘴直径的比值是1.6时,此时装置产生的龙卷风上部完全发展且结构稳定;吸嘴进风口距地面高度与圆筒直径的比值是0.2时,此时装置产生的龙卷风具有明显的单涡结构,吸嘴覆盖区域的近地面风速最大,吸尘效果最好;导流孔倾斜角度为45°或-45°时装置产生的龙卷风最稳定且强度最大;涡流比在一定范围内增加时装置内的风场结构的强度变大,有利于吸尘效率的提高;扩展域的高度和直径均存在阈值,当扩展域参数大于相应阈值时,其影响可以忽略不计. 吸尘装置通过设置合适的结构参数,能够形成高稳定性与强吸尘效果的类龙卷风流场,可实现高效清扫效果.     

自适应属性选择的实体对齐方法

现有实体对齐方法普遍存在传统方法依赖外部信息和人工构建特征,而基于表示学习的方法忽略了知识图谱中的结构信息的问题。针对上述问题,提出自适应属性选择的实体对齐方法,融合实体的语义和结构信息训练基于两个图谱联合表示学习的实体对齐模型。提出使用基于自适应属性选择的属性强约束模型,根据数据集特征自动生成最优属性类型和权重约束,提升实体对齐效果。两个实际数据集上的试验表明,该方法与传统表示学习方法相比准确率最高提升了约11%。     

基于MC的电子对抗情报系统ESCPN模型性能分析

针对基本Petri网对电子对抗情报系统描述能力不够的缺点,采用层次化的结构和面向对象的思想,提出一种扩展的随机着色Petri网（Extended Stochastic Coloured PetriNet,ESCPN）模型。对Petri网结构、建模元素、执行规则等进行扩充,分析基于MC状态方程的各项性能指标,以电子对抗情报系统中的初级电子目标生产子系统ESCPN模型为例,应用所建立的性能指标对系统的时间性能进行分析。分析表明,ESCPN模型和连续时间的马尔可夫链（MC）是同构的,能加强模型的描述和分析能力。     

基于BP 神经网络的自适应自抗扰控制及仿真

针对被控对象参数变化大而快、外扰严重且不确定的系统,参数固定的扩张状态观测器 (ESO)存在“总和扰动冶估计精度降低、控制效果较差的问题,提出了一种基于BP 神经网络的自适应自抗扰控制器(ADRC)。分析了引入自适应ESO 的意义,剖析了ESO 的结构,利用BP 神经网络在线调整ESO 参数并将这个自适应ESO 嵌入到ADRC. 仿真结果表明,改进的ADRC 较常规ADRC 具有扰动估计精度更高、控制量振荡幅度更小以及鲁棒性、抗干扰性更强的优点。     

基于威胁的飞行器航迹辨识问题研究

由航迹规划系统通常可以得到一条或多条可飞航迹,为解决航迹规划中多航迹归类和评价问题,建立了一种基于威胁的航迹辨识模板,应用数学形态学图像处理膨胀运算和着色原理,提出了基于膨胀辨识和着色辨识两种策略对备选航迹进行辨识的方法,为任务规划人员提供决策依据。仿真结果表明,该方法可以回避复杂的建模和计算过程,易于实现,有一定的应用价值。     

基于粒子滤波的混沌系统参数估计和滤波方法

混沌系统的参数估计是混沌系统控制和同步的前提。鉴于混沌系统具有初值敏感性、不能长期预测等特点,提出了一种基于粒子滤波(PF)的混沌系统参数估计和滤波方法,并将其用于Lorenz混沌系统的参数估计和滤波,在叠加噪声情况下对混沌系统进行仿真分析。结果表明,文中提出的滤波方法在估计偏差方面优于基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）的混沌系统参数估计和滤波方法,对混沌系统的参数估计和滤波是一种有效的方法。     

Energiedissipation und Energieflüsse während des Tablettiervorganges

The tableting process causes a temperature increase due to dissipation of energy. Therefore, with time the temperature of the tablets and the tablet press increases. Depending on the calculated tablet temperature, this temperature increase is discussed for different compression forces and lubricant concentrations. Two different measurement techniques are presented and compared.     

An analytical solution to the extended Navier–Stokes equations using the Lambert W function

Microchannel gas flows are of importance in a wide range of microelectro mechanical devices. In these flows, the mean free path of the gas can be comparable to the characteristic length of the microchannel, leading to strong diffusion‐enhanced transport of momentum. Numerical solutions to the extended Navier–Stokes equations (ENSE) have successfully modeled such microchannel flows. Analytical solutions to the ENSE for the pressure and velocity fields using the Lambert W function are derived. We find that diffusive contributions to the total transport are only dominant for low average pressures and low pressure drops across the microchannel. For large inlet pressures, we show that the expressions involving the Lambert W function predict steep gradients in the pressure and velocity localized near the channel exit. We extract a characteristic length for this boundary layer. Our analytical results are validated by numerical and experimental results available in the literature. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1413–1423, 2014